# Layouts

#### Thomas Lin Pedersen

#### 2025-08-24

In very short terms, a layout is the vertical and horizontal placement of nodes when plotting a particular graph structure. Conversely, a layout algorithm is an algorithm that takes in a graph structure (and potentially some additional parameters) and return the vertical and horizontal position of the nodes. Often, when people think of network visualizations, they think of node-edge diagrams where strongly connected nodes are attempted to be plotted in close proximity. Layouts can be a lot of other things too though — e.g. hive plots and treemaps. One of the driving factors behind `ggraph` has been to develop an API where any type of visual representation of graph structures is supported. In order to achieve this we first need a flexible way of defining the layout…

## The ggraph() and create_layout() functions

As the layout is a global specification of the spatial position of the nodes it spans all layers in the plot and should thus be defined outside of calls to geoms or stats. In `ggraph` it is often done as part of the plot initialization using `ggraph()` — a function equivalent in intent to `ggplot()`. As a minimum `ggraph()` must be passed a graph object supported by `ggraph`:

    library(ggraph)
    library(tidygraph)

    set_graph_style(plot_margin = margin(1,1,1,1))
    graph <- as_tbl_graph(highschool)

    # Not specifying the layout - defaults to "auto"
    ggraph(graph) +
      geom_edge_link(aes(colour = factor(year))) +
      geom_node_point()

Not specifying a layout will make `ggraph` pick one for you. This is only intended to get quickly up and running. The choice of layout should be deliberate on the part of the user as it will have a great effect on what the end result will communicate. From now on all calls to `ggraph()` will contain a specification of the layout:

    ggraph(graph, layout = 'kk') +
      geom_edge_link(aes(colour = factor(year))) +
      geom_node_point()

If the layout algorithm accepts additional parameters (most do), they can be supplied in the call to `ggraph()` as well:

    ggraph(graph, layout = 'kk', maxiter = 100) +
      geom_edge_link(aes(colour = factor(year))) +
      geom_node_point()

If any layout parameters refers to node or edge variables they must be supplied as unquoted expression (like inside `aes()` and `tidyverse` verbs)

In addition to specifying the layout during plot creation it can also happen separately using `create_layout()`. This function takes the same arguments as `ggraph()` but returns a `layout_ggraph` object that can later be used in place of a graph structure in ggraph call:

    layout <- create_layout(graph, layout = 'eigen')

    ## Warning in layout_with_eigen(graph, type = type, ev = eigenvector): g is
    ## directed. undirected version is used for the layout.

    ggraph(layout) +
      geom_edge_link(aes(colour = factor(year))) +
      geom_node_point()

Examining the return of `create_layout()` we see that it is really just a `data.frame` of node positions and (possible) attributes. Furthermore the original graph object along with other relevant information is passed along as attributes:

    head(layout)

    ## # A tibble: 6 × 5
    ##          x       y circular .ggraph.orig_index .ggraph.index
    ##      <dbl>   <dbl> <lgl>                 <int>         <int>
    ## 1 -0.0447  -0.156  FALSE                     1             1
    ## 2 -0.0374  -0.208  FALSE                     2             2
    ## 3 -0.0565  -0.299  FALSE                     3             3
    ## 4  0.180    0.0348 FALSE                     4             4
    ## 5  0.177   -0.0122 FALSE                     5             5
    ## 6  0.00998 -0.195  FALSE                     6             6

    attributes(layout)

    ## $names
    ## [1] "x"                  "y"                  "circular"
    ## [4] ".ggraph.orig_index" ".ggraph.index"
    ##
    ## $row.names
    ##  [1]  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
    ## [26] 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
    ## [51] 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
    ##
    ## $class
    ## [1] "layout_tbl_graph" "layout_ggraph"    "tbl_df"           "tbl"
    ## [5] "data.frame"
    ##
    ## $graph
    ## # A tbl_graph: 70 nodes and 506 edges
    ## #
    ## # A directed multigraph with 1 component
    ## #
    ## # Node Data: 70 × 3 (active)
    ##    .ggraph.orig_index .ggraph_layout_x .ggraph_layout_y
    ##                 <int>            <dbl>            <dbl>
    ##  1                  1         -0.0447           -0.156
    ##  2                  2         -0.0374           -0.208
    ##  3                  3         -0.0565           -0.299
    ##  4                  4          0.180             0.0348
    ##  5                  5          0.177            -0.0122
    ##  6                  6          0.00998          -0.195
    ##  7                  7         -0.0137           -0.252
    ##  8                  8         -0.0138           -0.230
    ##  9                  9         -0.0200           -0.139
    ## 10                 10          0.104             0.0548
    ## # ℹ 60 more rows
    ## #
    ## # Edge Data: 506 × 3
    ##    from    to  year
    ##   <int> <int> <dbl>
    ## 1     1    13  1957
    ## 2     1    14  1957
    ## 3     1    20  1957
    ## # ℹ 503 more rows
    ##
    ## $circular
    ## [1] FALSE

As it is just a `data.frame` it means that any standard `ggplot2` call will work by addressing the nodes. Still, use of the `geom_node_*()` family provided by `ggraph` is encouraged as it makes it explicit which part of the data structure is being worked with.

## Adding support for new data sources

Out of the box `ggraph` supports `tbl_graph` objects from tidygraph natively. Any other type of object will be attempted to be coerced to a `tbl_graph` object automatically. Tidygraph provide conversions for most known graph structure in R so almost any data type is supported by ggraph by extension. If there is wish for support for additional classes this can be achieved by providing a `as_tbl_graph()` method for the class. If you do this, consider submitting the method to tidygraph so others can benefit from your work.

## Layouts abound

There’s a lot of different layouts in `ggraph` — All layouts from the graphlayouts and igraph packages are available, and ggraph itself also provides some of the more specialised layouts itself. All in all, ggraph provides well above 20 different layouts to choose from, far more than we can cover in this text. I urge you to explore the different layout types. Blindly running along with the default layouts is a sad but common mistake in network visualisation that can cloud or distort the insight the network might hold. If ggraph lacks the needed layout it is always possible to supply your own layout function that takes a tbl_graph object and returns a data.frame of node positions, or supply the positions directly by passing a matrix or data.frame to the layout argument.

### A note on circularity

Some layouts can be shown effectively both in a standard Cartesian projection as well as in a polar projection. The standard approach in `ggplot2` has been to change the coordinate system with the addition of e.g. `coord_polar()`. This approach — while consistent with the grammar — is not optimal for `ggraph` as it does not allow layers to decide how to respond to circularity. The prime example of this is trying to draw straight lines in a plot using `coord_polar()`. Instead circularity is part of the layout specification and gets communicated to the layers with the `circular` column in the data, allowing each layer to respond appropriately. Sometimes standard and circular representations of the same layout get used so often that they get different names. In `ggraph` they’ll have the same name and only differ in whether or not `circular` is set to `TRUE`:

    # An arc diagram
    ggraph(graph, layout = 'linear') +
      geom_edge_arc(aes(colour = factor(year)))

    # A coord diagram
    ggraph(graph, layout = 'linear', circular = TRUE) +
      geom_edge_arc(aes(colour = factor(year))) +
      coord_fixed()

    graph <- tbl_graph(flare$vertices, flare$edges)
    # An icicle plot
    ggraph(graph, 'partition') +
      geom_node_tile(aes(fill = depth), size = 0.25)

    ## Warning: Using `size` aesthetic for lines was deprecated in ggplot2 3.4.0.
    ## ℹ Please use `linewidth` instead.
    ## This warning is displayed once every 8 hours.
    ## Call `lifecycle::last_lifecycle_warnings()` to see where this warning was
    ## generated.

    # A sunburst plot
    ggraph(graph, 'partition', circular = TRUE) +
      geom_node_arc_bar(aes(fill = depth), size = 0.25) +
      coord_fixed()

Not every layout has a meaningful circular representation in which cases the `circular` argument will be ignored.

### Node-edge diagram layouts

Both `graphlayout` and `igraph` provides a range of different layout algorithms for classic node-edge diagrams (colloquially referred to as hairballs). Some of these are incredibly simple such as randomly, grid, circle, and star, while others tries to optimize the position of nodes based on different characteristics of the graph. There is no such thing as “the best layout algorithm” as algorithms have been optimized for different scenarios. Experiment with the choices at hand and remember to take the end result with a grain of salt, as it is just one of a range of possible “optimal node position” results. Below is a sample of some of the layouts available through `igraph` applied to the highschool graph.

    graph <- as_tbl_graph(highschool) |>
      mutate(degree = centrality_degree())
    lapply(c('stress', 'fr', 'lgl', 'graphopt'), function(layout) {
      ggraph(graph, layout = layout) +
        geom_edge_link(aes(colour = factor(year)), show.legend = FALSE) +
        geom_node_point() +
        labs(caption = paste0('Layout: ', layout))
    })

The default plot is the `"stress"` layout that uses stress majorization to spread out nodes. It generally does a good job and is deterministic so that it doesn’t change upon every call (many other layouts does that as they use randomisation for the initial node positions). The stress layout also makes it possible to fix the location of certain nodes in one or two dimensions making it a very versatile starting point for your visualisation.

### Hive plots

A hive plot, while still technically a node-edge diagram, is a bit different from the rest as it uses information pertaining to the nodes, rather than the connection information in the graph. This means that hive plots, to a certain extent are more interpretable as well as less vulnerable to small changes in the graph structure. They are less common though, so use will often require some additional explanation.

    graph <- graph |>
      mutate(friends = ifelse(
        centrality_degree(mode = 'in') < 5, 'few',
        ifelse(centrality_degree(mode = 'in') >= 15, 'many', 'medium')
      ))
    ggraph(graph, 'hive', axis = friends, sort.by = degree) +
      geom_edge_hive(aes(colour = factor(year))) +
      geom_axis_hive(aes(colour = friends), size = 2, label = FALSE) +
      coord_fixed()

### Focal layouts

Some layouts can put focus on a single node or a group of nodes by defining all other positions relative to that. An example of this is the `focus` layout, but the `centrality` layout is very akin to it:

    ggraph(graph, 'focus', focus = node_is_center()) +
      ggforce::geom_circle(aes(x0 = 0, y0 = 0, r = r), data.frame(r = 1:5), colour = 'grey') +
      geom_edge_link() +
      geom_node_point() +
      coord_fixed()

### Hierarchical layouts

Trees and hierarchies are an important subset of graph structures, and `ggraph` provides a range of layouts optimized for their visual representation. Some of these use enclosure and position rather than edges to communicate relations (e.g. treemaps and circle packing). Still, these layouts can just as well be used for drawing edges if you wish to:

    graph <- tbl_graph(flare$vertices, flare$edges)
    set.seed(1)
    ggraph(graph, 'circlepack', weight = size) +
      geom_node_circle(aes(fill = depth), size = 0.25, n = 50) +
      coord_fixed()

    set.seed(1)
    ggraph(graph, 'circlepack', weight = size) +
      geom_edge_link() +
      geom_node_point(aes(colour = depth)) +
      coord_fixed()

    ggraph(graph, 'treemap', weight = size) +
      geom_node_tile(aes(fill = depth), size = 0.25)

    ggraph(graph, 'treemap', weight = size) +
      geom_edge_link() +
      geom_node_point(aes(colour = depth))

Cactustree is a layout type specifically developed for use with hierarchical edge bundling, but can be used on it’s own as well

    ggraph(graph, 'cactustree') +
      geom_node_circle(aes(fill = depth), size = 0.25) +
      coord_fixed()

    importFrom <- match(flare$imports$from, flare$vertices$name)
    importTo <- match(flare$imports$to, flare$vertices$name)

    ggraph(graph, 'cactustree') +
      geom_node_circle(aes(fill = depth),
        size = 0.25,
        alpha = 0.2
      ) +
      geom_conn_bundle(aes(colour = after_stat(index)),
        data = get_con(importFrom, importTo),
        edge_alpha = 0.25
      ) +
      theme(legend.position = "none") +
      coord_fixed()

The most recognized tree plot is probably dendrograms though. If nothing else is stated the height of each node is calculated based on the distance to its farthest sibling (the tree layout, on the other hand, puts all nodes at a certain depth at the same level):

    ggraph(graph, 'tree') +
      geom_edge_diagonal()

The height of each branch point can be set to a variable — e.g. the height provided by hclust and dendrogram objects:

    dendrogram <- hclust(dist(iris[, 1:4]))
    ggraph(dendrogram, 'dendrogram', height = height) +
      geom_edge_elbow()

Dendrograms are one of the layouts that are amenable for circular transformations, which can be effective in giving more space at the leafs of the tree at the expense of the space given to the root:

    ggraph(dendrogram, 'dendrogram', circular = TRUE) +
      geom_edge_elbow() +
      coord_fixed()

A type of trees known especially in phylogeny is unrooted trees, where no node is considered the root. Often a dendrogram layout will not be faithful as it implicitly position a node at the root. To avoid that you can use the `unrooted` layout instead.

    tree <- create_tree(100, 2, directed = FALSE) |>
      activate(edges) |>
      mutate(length = runif(n()))
    ggraph(tree, 'unrooted', length = length) +
      geom_edge_link()

Often unrooted trees have a branch length attached - this can be passed to both the `dendrogram` and `unrooted` layout to determine the length of each edge.

### Matrix layouts

Many node-edge diagram layouts suffer from poor scalability, where edges will eventually begin to overlap to the extend that the plot becomes unintellible. One way to combat this is by only plotting subsets of the larger plot, but another approach is to choose a layout that avoids overlapping edges altogether. The matrix layout places each node on a diagonal and draws edges by drawing points or tiles at the intersection of the vertical and horizontal position of its terminal nodes. Using matrix layouts efficiently requires that you begin to recognise the specific patterns that different network topologies gives rise to. Further, it is important to recognise the large effect that the node order has on the look of the matrix layout:

    graph <- create_notable('zachary')
    ggraph(graph, 'matrix', sort.by = node_rank_leafsort()) +
      geom_edge_point(mirror = TRUE) +
      coord_fixed()

    ## Warning in .hclust_helper(x, control): control parameter method is deprecated.
    ## Use linkage instead!

    ggraph(graph, 'matrix', sort.by = node_rank_spectral()) +
      geom_edge_point(mirror = TRUE) +
      coord_fixed()

### Fabric layouts

Another special layout that promises scalability is the biofabric layout (here named `fabric` to avoid it being ignored for non-biological networks). The fabric layout is special in that it positions nodes evenly spaced on the y-axis and then draws edges as vertical (and by extension, parallel) lines evenly separated as well, connecting the nodes. Nodes are drawn as horizontal lines spanning the extent of the edges that departs from it. As with matrix layouts the node ordering have a huge impact on the final look and interpreting the plot may take some getting used to.

    ggraph(graph, 'fabric', sort.by = node_rank_fabric()) +
      geom_node_range(colour = 'grey') +
      geom_edge_span(end_shape = 'square') +
      coord_fixed()

Fabric layouts allow something called shadow edges where all edges are duplicated to make it easier to follow all edges originating from each node.

    ggraph(graph, 'fabric', sort.by = node_rank_fabric(), shadow.edges =TRUE) +
      geom_node_range(colour = 'grey') +
      geom_edge_span(aes(filter = shadow_edge), colour ='lightblue' , end_shape = 'square') +
      geom_edge_span(aes(filter = !shadow_edge), end_shape = 'square') +
      coord_fixed()

### Spatial layouts

ggraph has a few layouts aimed at data where the node has a physical location. You may think this requires no layout at all and to some extent you are correct.

ggraph supports spatial networks through the sfnetworks package and grabs the node position and CRS from the data correctly when using the “sf” layout:

    gr <- sfnetworks::as_sfnetwork(sfnetworks::roxel)

    ## Registered S3 methods overwritten by 'proxy':
    ##   method               from
    ##   print.registry_field registry
    ##   print.registry_entry registry

    ggraph(gr, 'sf') +
      geom_edge_sf(aes(color = type)) +
      geom_node_sf(size = 0.3)

Another type of spatial layout is the metro layout which takes in a prior position and attempts to make these positions fit into a grid-like structure, well known in railroad and metro maps.

    gr <- create_notable('Walther')
    # Use stress layout to come up with a initial position
    prior <- create_layout(gr, 'stress')

    # Optimise placement with metro layout
    ggraph(gr, 'metro', x = prior$x, y = prior$y, grid_space = 1, max_movement = 50) +
      geom_edge_link(width = 4) +
      geom_node_point(size = 10) +
      geom_edge_link(color = 'white', width = 1) +
      geom_node_point(color = 'white', size = 4)

## Want more?

Check out the other vignettes for more information on how to draw nodes and edges…